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BACK TO : The Bush Doctrine - Key Speeches & Analysis
US Foreign Policy Experts condemn Bush Doctrine 
An Open Letter to the American People: October 2004 We, a nonpartisan group of foreign affairs specialists, have joined together to call urgently for a change of course in American foreign and national security policy. We judge that the current American policy centered around the war in Iraq is the most misguided one since the Vietnam period, one which harms the cause of the struggle against extreme Islamist terrorists. One result has been a great distortion in the terms of public debate on foreign and national security policy - an emphasis on speculation instead of facts, on mythology instead of calculation, and on misplaced moralizing over considerations of national interest. [1] We write to challenge some of these distortions. Although we applaud the Bush Administration for its initial focus on destroying al-Qaida bases in Afghanistan, its failure to engage sufficient U.S. troops to capture or kill the mass of al-Qaida fighters in the later stages of that war was a great blunder. It is a fact that the early shift of U.S. focus to Iraq diverted U.S. resources, including special operations forces and intelligence capabilities, away from direct pursuit of the fight against the terrorists. [2] Many of the justifications offered by the Bush Administration for the war in Iraq have been proven untrue by credible studies, including by U.S. government agencies. There is no evidence that Iraq assisted al-Qaida, and its prewar involvement in international terrorism was negligible. [3] Iraq's arsenal of chemical and biological weapons was negligible, and its nuclear weapons program virtually nonexistent. [4] In comparative terms, Iran is and was much the greater sponsor of terrorism, and North Korea and Pakistan pose much the greater risk of nuclear proliferation to terrorists. Even on moral grounds, the case for war was dubious: the war itself has killed over a thousand Americans and unknown thousands of Iraqis, and if the threat of civil war becomes reality, ordinary Iraqis could be even worse off than they were under Saddam Hussein. The Administration knew most of these facts and risks before the war, and could have discovered the others, but instead it played down, concealed or misrepresented them. Policy errors during the occupation and reconstruction of Iraq have created a situation in Iraq worse than it needed to be. Spurning the advice of Army Chief of Staff General Shinseki, the Administration committed an inadequate number of troops to the occupation, leading to the continuing failure to establish security in Iraq. Ignoring prewar planning by the State Department and other US government agencies, it created a needless security vacuum by disbanding the Iraqi Army, and embarked on a poorly planned and ineffective reconstruction effort which to date has managed to spend only a fraction of the money earmarked for it. [5] As a result, Iraqi popular dismay at the lack of security, jobs or reliable electric power fuels much of the violent opposition to the U.S. military presence, while the war itself has drawn in terrorists from outside Iraq. The results of this policy have been overwhelmingly negative for U.S. interests. [6] While the removal of Saddam Hussein's regime was desirable, the benefit to the U.S. was small as prewar inspections had already proven the extreme weakness of his WMD programs, and therefore the small size of the threat he posed. On the negative side, the excessive U.S. focus on Iraq led to weak and inadequate responses to the greater challenges posed by North Korea's and Iran's nuclear programs, and diverted resources from the economic and diplomatic efforts needed to fight terrorism in its breeding grounds in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere in the Middle East. Worse, American actions in Iraq, including but not limited to the scandal of Abu Ghraib, have harmed the reputation of the U.S. in most parts of the Middle East and, according to polls, made Osama Bin Laden more popular in some countries than is President Bush. This increased popularity makes it easier for al-Qaida to raise money, attract recruits, and carry out its terrorist operations than would otherwise be the case. Recognizing these negative consequences of the Iraq war, in addition to the cost in lives and money, we believe that a fundamental reassessment is in order. Significant improvements are needed in our strategy in Iraq and the implementation of that strategy. We call urgently for an open debate on how to achieve these ends, one informed by attention to the facts on the ground in Iraq, the facts of al-Qaida's methods and strategies, and sober attention to American interests and values. Signed (All titles and affiliations listed for purposes of identification only), There are 698 signatures as of 4:00 PM on 12 October 2004. If you would like your signature added, please e-mail us at sensibleforeignpolicy@gmail.com. All titles and affiliations listed for purposes of identification only. Paul Aarts Senior Lecturer in International Relations, Department of Political Science University of Amsterdam Richard M. Abrams Professor of History and Associate Dean, International & Area Studies University of California Berkeley Gordon Adams Director, Security Policy Studies, Elliott School of International Affairs George Washington University Jeremy Adelman Walter Samuel Carpenter III Professor of Spanish Civilization and Culture Princeton University Vinod K. Aggarwal Professor, Department of Political Science University of California at Berkeley Mikhail Alexseev Associate Professor, Political Science San Diego State University Hayward R. Alker John A McCone Professor of International Relations, University of Southern California Adjunct Professor of International Relations, Watson Institute, Brown University Karen J. Alter Associate Professor of Political Science Northwestern University Jose E. Alvarez Professor of Law and Executive Director, Center on Global Legal Problems Columbia Law School Marie Anchordoguy Associate Professor, Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies University of Washington Lisa Anderson Dean, School of International and Public Affairs and Professor, Political Science Department Columbia University Peter Andreas Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies Brown University George Andreopoulos Associate Professor of Political Science, John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Graduate Center City University of New York David E. Apter Henry J. Heinz II Professor Emeritus of Comparative Political and Social Development and Senior Research Scientist Yale University Leslie Elliott Armijo Visiting Scholar, Department of Political Science Reed College, Portland, Oregon Myron J. Aronoff Professor of Political Science, Anthropology, and Jewish Studies Rutgers University Yael S. Aronoff Assistant Professor, Department of Government Hamilton College Ivan Arreguin-Toft Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science, Wellesley College The John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Robert J. Art Herter Professor of International Relations Brandeis University Victor Asal Assistant Professor of Political Science Rockefeller College, University at Albany, SUNY Richard Ashley Associate Professor of Political Science Arizona State University Ragui Assaad Professor Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs University of Minnesota Pierre M. Atlas Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director, Franciscan Center for Global Studies Marian College Deborah Avant Associate Professor of Political Science and Director, Institute for Global and International Studies, Elliott School of International Affairs George Washington University R. William (Bill) Ayres Associate Professor of Political Science and Director, International Relations Program University of Indianapolis Alice Ba Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Delaware Andrew Bacevich Professor, Department of International Relations Boston University Regina Baker Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Oregon David A. Baldwin Ira D. Wallach Professor of World Order Studies Columbia University Harley Balzer Associate Professor of Government and International Affairs Former Director, Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies Georgetown University Andrew Barnes Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Kent State University Michael Barnett Harold Stassen Chair of International Affairs, Hubert Humphrey School of Public Affairs University of Minnesota Robert R. Barr Assistant Professor Department of Political Science University of Miami Bethany Barratt Assistant Professor of Political Science School of Policy Studies, Roosevelt University Matthew A. Baum Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, Los Angeles Michael J. Baun Pizer Professor of International Relations, Department of Political Science Valdosta State University David H. Bearce Assistant Professor of Political Science University of Pittsburgh William O. Beeman Professor of Anthropology, Brown University Visiting Professor, Cultural and Social Anthropology, Stanford University Francis A. Beer Professor, Political Science Department University of Colorado Mark R. Beissinger Professor of Political Science University of Wisconsin, Madison Charles R. Beitz Professor, Department of Politics Princeton University Gerald J. Bender Associate Professor School of International Relations University of Southern California D. Scott Bennett Research Professor Department of Political Science The Pennsylvania State University Jane Bennett Professor, Department of Political Science Johns Hopkins University Sheri Berman Visiting Associate Professor, Department of Politics Barnard College, Columbia University Nancy Bermeo Professor of Politics and Acting Chair, Politics Department Princeton University Richard K. Betts Professor, Department of Political Science Columbia University Janice Bially Mattern Assistant Professor Of International Relations Lehigh Univeristy Thomas J. Biersteker Director, Watson Institute, and Henry R. Luce Professor Brown University Marc Blecher Professor, Department of Politics Oberlin College James G. Blight Professor of International Relations (Research), Watson Institute for International Studies Brown University Mia Bloom Assistant Professor, University of Cincinnati Consultant, NJ Office of Counter Terrorism, Department of Law and Public Safety Doug Blum Professor, Department of Political Science Providence College Davis B. Bobrow Professor of Public and International Affairs and Political Science Ken Booth E.H. Carr Professor and Head of Department, Department of International Politics University of Wales Mark A. Boyer Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of the GlobalEd Project University of Connecticut Laurie A. Brand Professor, School of International Relations, University of Southern California Michael Bratton Professor Department of Political Science Michigan State University Bear F Braumoeller Associate Professor, Department of Government Harvard University Deborah Brautigam Associate Professor International Development Program School of International Service, American University Michael Brecher R.B. Angus Professor of Political Science McGill University George Breslauer Professor of Political Science University of California, Berkeley Reuben E. Brigety, II Assistant Professor of Government and Politics George Mason University Stephen Eric Bronner Professor (II) of Political Science Rutgers University Stephen Brooks Assistant Professor of Government Dartmouth College Risa Brooks Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Northwestern University Michael Brown Director, Security Studies Program and Director, Center for Peace and Security Studies Georgetown University Seyom Brown Lawrence A. Wien Professor of International Cooperation Department of Politics Brandeis University Wendy Brown Professor of Political Science University of California, Berkeley M. Leann Brown Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Florida Laszlo Bruszt Professor, Department of Social and Political Studies European University Institute, Florence Rex Brynen Professor, Department of Political Science McGill University Alison Brysk Professor, Political Science Department University of California, Irvine Bruce Bueno de Mesquita Silver Professor and Chair, Department of Politics, New York University Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford Mlada Bukovansky Associate Professor of Government Smith College Valerie Bunce Binenkorb Chair of International Studies and Departmental Chair, Department of Government Cornell University Steve Burgess Associate Professor Maxwell Air Force Academy Edouard Bustin Professor of Political Science Boston University Tim Buthe Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Duke University Barry Buzan FBA Professor of International Relations London School of Economics Craig Calhoun President Social Science Research Council William A. Callahan Senior Lecturer and Associate Professor, School of Government and International Affairs University of Durham Maxwell A Cameron Professor and Director of Graduate Studies Department of Political Science University of British Columbia Vancouver Melani Cammett Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Brown University Kenneth J. Campbell Associate Professor of Political Science & International Relations, and Director of the International Relations Program, University of Delaware US Marines, Vietnam, 1968-69 James Caporaso Professor of Political Science University of Washington Sheila Carapico Professor, Department of Political Science University of Richmond Henry (Chip) Carey Associate Professor of Political Science Georgia State University Allen Carlson Assistant Professor, Government Department Cornell University Julio F. Carrion Assistant Professor of Political Science & International Relations University of Delaware Mark Cassell Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Kent State University Philip G. Cerny Professor of Global Political Economy Center for Global Change and Governance Rutgers University Kiren Chaudhry Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, Berkeley Jose Antonio Cheibub Associate Professor Department of Political Science and Director of Undergraduate Studies, International Studies Program Yale University Marie Isabelle Chevrier Associate Professor and Visiting Fulbright Scholar, Jamia Millia University, New Delhi School of Social Sciences University of Texas at Dallas Cristina-Astrid Hansell Chuen Senior Research Associate, Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies Erin Aeran Chung Charles D. Miller Assistant Professor of East Asian Politics Johns Hopkins University John F. Clark Chairperson, Department of International Relations Florida International University Steven C. Clemons Executive Vice President New America Foundation Frank Cohen Associate Professor of Political Science Franklin Pierce College Joshua Cohen Goldberg Professor of the Humanities and Professor of Philosophy and Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Co-Editor, Boston Review David Collier Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, Berkeley Ruth Berins Collier Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, Berkeley Stephen Collier Core Faculty, Graduate Program in International Affairs The New School University Elizabeth Fuller Collins Associate Professor, Classics and World Religions, International Studies Center Ohio University Michele E. Commercio Post-Doctoral Fellow, Center For Eurasian, Russian, and East European Studies Georgetown University Ken Conca Associate Professor of Government and Politics and Director, Harrison Program on the Future Global Agenda University of Maryland Barbara Connolly Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Notre Dame Alexander Cooley Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Barnard College, Columbia University Michael T. Corgan Associate Professor, Department of International Relations Boston University Wayne A. Cornelius Director, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies University of California, San Diego Javier Corrales Associate Professor of Political Science Amherst College Michael Cox Professor of International Relations London School of Economics and Political Science Jane K. Cramer Assistant Professor Political Science Department University of Oregon Neta C. Crawford Associate Professor (Research), Watson Institute for International Studies Brown University Simon Critchley Professor of Philosophy New School for Social Research Stephen Crowley Associate Professor of Politics Oberlin College Gerald L. Curtis Burgess Professor of Political Science Columbia University Xinyuan Dai Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign John Damis Professor, Division of Political Science Portland State University Keith A. Darden Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Yale University Robert Darst Assistant Professor of Political Science University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth Sunil Dasgupta Visiting Assistant Professor, Security Studies Program Georgetown University Louise K. Davidson-Schmich Assistant Professor of Political Science University of Miami Charles L. Davis Professor, Department of Political Science University of Kentucky James W. Davis Professor of International Politics University of Munich Michael C. Davis Visiting Professor of International Law and Human Rights Notre Dame Law School Carmel Davis Independent Scholar Renee de Nevers Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Maxwell School Syracuse University Jodi Dean Chair, Department of Political Science Hobart and William Smith Colleges James Der Derian Research Professor of International Studies, Brown University Professor of Political Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Khatchik Derghoukassian Department of Political Science Universidad de San Andres Argentina Georgi Derlugian Associate Professor of Sociology Northwestern University Bill Derman Professor of Anthropology and African Studies Michigan State University Michael C. Desch Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelligence and National Security Decision-making, Bush School of Government and Public Service Texas A&M University Elizabeth R. DeSombre Frost Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Wellesley College David Dessler Associate Professor of Government College of William & Mary I. M. Destler School of Public Policy University of Maryland College Park Larry Diamond Senior Fellow Hoover Institution Stanford University Paul F. Diehl Professor of Political Science and University "Distinguished Teacher/Scholar," Department of Political Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Polly J. Diven Associate Professor of Political Science Grand Valley State University William J. Dixon Professor, Department of Political Science University of Arizona Gus DiZerega Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Government St. Lawrence University Roxanne Lynn Doty Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Arizona State University Alexander B. Downes Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Duke University George W. Downs Dean of Social Science and Professor of Politics New York University Michael Doyle Harold Brown Professor of Law and International Affairs Columbia University John Duffield Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Georgia State University Gavan Duffy Associate Professor of Political Science and International Relations Syracuse University Sean P. Duffy Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Quinnipiac University Thomas L. Dumm Professor of Political Science Amherst College Charles F. Dunbar Professor, Department of International Relations Boston University Kevin C. Dunn Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Hobart and William Smith Colleges William J. Durch Senior Associate The Henry L. Stimson Center Raymond Duvall Morse-Alumni Distinguished Teaching Professor and Associate Director, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change, Department of Political Science University of Minnesota David Dwyer Professor of Anthropology and African Languages Michigan State University David Easton Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science, University of California, Irvine Andrew MacLeish Distiguished Service Professor Emeritus, University of Chicago The Honorable Sue E. Eckert Senior Fellow, Watson Institute for International Studies Brown University David M. Edelstein Assistant Professor, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service and Department of Government Georgetown University Lynn Eden Associate Director for Research Center for International Security and Cooperation Stanford University Rita Kiki Edozie Assistant Professor Comparative Politics and African Affairs, Department of Political Science and International Relations University of Delaware John Ehrenberg Professor of Political Science Long Island University Eric S. Einhorn Professor, Department of Political Science University of Massachusetts, Amherst Todd Eisenstadt Assistant Professor, Department of Government, School of Public Affairs American University Zachary Elkins Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Illinois Donald K. Emmerson Senior Fellow, Stanford Institute for International Studies Stanford University Pierre Englebert Associate Professor, Politics Department & Coordinator, International Relations Program Pomona College Robert D. English Associate Professor of International Relations University of Southern California Nader, Entessar Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science & International Studies Spring Hill College Rachel Epstein Assistant Professor, Graduate School of International Studies University of Denver Julie Murphy Erfani Associate Professor, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Arizona State University Milton J. Esman Emeritus Professor of Government Cornell University John L. Esposito University Professor and Professor of Religion & International Affairs Georgetown University J. Peter Euben Professor, Dept of Political Science Duke University Matthew Evangelista Professor, Department of Political Science Cornell University Richard Falk Emeritus Professor of International Law and Practice Princeton University Henry Farrell Assistant Professor Department of Political Science George Washington University Tanisha Fazal Assistant Professor of Political Science Columbia University James D. Fearon Professor, Department of Political Science Stanford University Harvey Feigenbaum Professor of Political Science and International Affairs Co-Director, Insitute for Global and International Studies The George Washington University William Felice Professor of Political Science Eckerd College Katherine Fennelly Professor, Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs University of Minnesota Kathy E. Ferguson Professor Department of Political Science & Women's Studies Program University of Hawai`i Yale H. Ferguson Co-Director, Center for Global Change and Governance Professor of Political Science Rutgers University Leela, Fernandes Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Rutgers University John Osgood Field Emeritus Professor of World Hunger and International Development Tufts University Martha Finnemore Professor of Political Science and International Affairs George Washington University Kenneth Flamm Dean Rusk Chair in International Affairs The Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs The University of Texas at Austin Neil Fligstein Class of 1939 Professor, Department of Sociology University of California, Berkeley William J. Foltz H.J. Heinz Professor of African Studies and Chair, Department of Political Science Yale University Page Fortna Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Columbia University Hoover Institution National Fellow (2004-2005), Stanford University Susan Foster Professor, Department of International Health, School of Public Health Boston University Joseph Foudy Visiting Scholar, Department of Politics New York University Jonathan A. Fox Professor, Latin American and Latino Studies Department University of California, Santa Cruz John Frankentein Adjunct, Department of Political Science Research Associate, Weatherhead East Asia Institute Columbia University Barbara Franz Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Rider University M. Taylor Fravel Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robert O. Freedman Peggy Meyerhoff Pearlstone Professor of Political Science Baltimore Hebrew University Annette Freyberg-Inan Assistant Professor, Political Science Department University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jeffrey Freyman Professor of Political Science Transylvania University Jeff Frieden Stanfield Professor of International Peace, Department of Government Harvard University Edward Friedman Professor, Department of Political Science University of Wisconsin, Madison H. Richard Friman Professor, Department of Political Science Marquette University Timothy Frye Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and Mershon Center Ohio State University Regina Gaillard Associate Professor of International Relations and Political Science Troy University, Florida Region Dennis Galvan Director, International Studies Program and Associate Professor of Political Science & International Studies University of Oregon Diego Gambetta Professor, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, UK Sumit Ganguly Rabindranath Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations and Professor of Political Science Indiana University Sheldon Garon Professor of History and East Asian Studies, History Department Princeton University Mark Garrison Senior Fellow, Watson Institute for International Studies Brown University Jean A. Garrison Associate Professor Department of Political Science University of Wyoming Mark Gasiorowski Professor, Department of Political Science Louisiana State University F. Gregory Gause, III Associate Professor of Political Science University of Vermont Clifford Geertz Professor Emeritus, School of Social Science Institute for Advanced Study Scott Gehlbach Assistant Professor of Political Science University of Wisconsin, Madison Christopher Gelpi Associate Professor of Political Science Duke University Alexander George Professor Emeritus, Political Science Stanford University Jim George Senior Lecturer in International Relations The Australian National University Deborah J. Gerner Professor of Political Science and Co-director, Center for International Political Analysis University of Kansas John Gerring Associate Professor Department of Political Science Boston University John Gershman Adjunct Professor of Public Administration Robert F. Wagner Graduate School for Public Service, New York University Ranjeeta Ghiara Associate Dean for Budget and Operations College of Arts and Sciences California State University, San Marco Eugene Gholz Assistant Professor, Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce University of Kentucky Charlie Glaser Professor and Deputy Dean, Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies University of Chicago Abbott Gleason Keeney Professor of History Brown University Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, San Diego Dmitri Glinski Adjunct Assistant Professor, Political Science Department Columbia University Stacie Goddard Visiting Scholar, Center for International Studies University of Southern California Hein Goemans Assistant Professor of Political Science University of Rochester David Gold Professor of Economics, Graduate Program in International Affairs New School University Benjamin Goldfrank Assistant Professor, Political Science Department University of New Mexico Avery Goldstein Professor, Political Science Department University of Pennsylvania Judith Goldstein Professor, Department of Political Science Stanford University Steven M. Goldstein Sophia Smith Professor of Government, Smith College Director, Taiwan Studies Workshop, Fairbank Center, Harvard University Vicki L. Golich Dean, College of Arts & Sciences Professor, Political Science California State University San Marcos Andrew Gordon Lee and Juliet Folger Fund Professor of History Harvard University Harry D. Gould Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations Florida International University Peter Gourevitch Professor, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego Joanne Gowa Boswell Professor of World Politics Princeton University Daniel M. Green Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Delaware Molly Greene Associate Professor, Department of History and Program in Hellenic Studies Princeton University Kelly M. Greenhill Research Fellow, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University and Adjunct Assistant Professor, Columbia University Harvard University and Columbia University Peter Hays Gries Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, The University of Colorado, Boulder Director, The Sino-American Security Dialogue Arman Grigorian Visiting Assistant Professor of Politics Wesleyan University Suzette R. Grillot Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and School of International and Area Studies University of Oklahoma William W. Grimes Associate Professor, Department of International Relations Boston University Andrea Grove Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director, Peace Studies Program Westminster College Siba N. Grovogui Associate Professor Department of Political Science Johns Hopkins University Isebill V. Gruhn Professor of Politics Emerita University of California, Santa Cruz Ted Robert Gurr Distinguished University Professor University of Maryland Mel Gurtov Professor of Political Science and International Studies, Hatfield School of Government, Portland State University Editor-in-Chief, Asian Perspective Tamar Gutner Assistant Professor of International Relations School of International Service American University Stefano Guzzini Associate Professor of Government Uppsala University, Sweden Peter M. Haas Professor and Graduate Program Director, Department of Political Science University of Massachusetts, Amherst Emilie M. Hafner-Burton Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford University Associated Fellow, Center for Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, Stanford University Stephan Haggard Lawrence and Sallye Krause Professor, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego Frances Hagopian Michael P. Grace Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Notre Dame Elaine C. Hagopian Professor Emerita of Sociology Simmons College, Boston Stacy Bergstrom Haldi Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Gettysburg College Rodney Bruce Hall Academic Director, Oxford University Foreign Service Programme University of Oxford Gary G. Hamilton Department of Sociology and The Jackson School of International Studies University of Washington Landon E. Hancock Visiting Assistant Professor, Institute for Conflict Analysis & Resolution George Mason University Patrick J. Haney Professor, Assistant Chair and Chief Departmental Adviser, Department of Political Science Miami University Hurst Hannum Professor of International Law and Co-Director, Center for Human Rights & Conflict Resolution, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Tufts University Russell Hardin Professor, Department of Politics New York University Jeffrey Hart Professor, Department of Political Science Indiana University Walter Hatch Assistant Professor, Department of Government Colby College Virginia Haufler Associate Professor and Placement Director Department of Government and Politics University of Maryland College Park David R Hayes Assistant Professor of International Relations Troy State University Waleed Hazbun Assistant Professor Department of Political Science The Johns Hopkins University John Hazlett Director, B.A. in International Studies, College of Liberal Arts University of New Orleans Martin O. Heisler Professor of Government and Politics University of Maryland Yoshiko Herrera Associate Professor of Government Harvard University Gary Herrigel Associate Professor of Political Science and the College University of Chicago Richard K. Herrmann Professor, Department of Political Science Ohio State University Shareen Hertel Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Human Rights Institute University of Connecticut, Storrs David Hirschmann Professor and Director, International Development Program School of International Service American University Theresa Hitchens Vice President Center for Defense Information Jennifer L. Hochschild Henry LaBarre Jayne Professor of Government and Professor of African and African American Studies Harvard University Kathryn Hochstetler Political Science Department Colorado State University Stanley Hoffmann Buttenwieser University Professor, Center for European Studies Harvard University Ole R. Holsti George V. Allen Professor, Department of Political Science Duke University K. J. Holsti University Killam Professor, Centre for International Relations University of British Columbia Steven W. Hook Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Kent State University Ted Hopf Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Ohio State University Raymond Hopkins Professor of Political Science Swarthmore College P. Terrence Hopmann Professor of Political Science, Brown University 2004-5 Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC Peter M. Howard Assistant Professor, School of International Service American University Marc Morje Howard Assistant Professor of Government Georgetown University Dick Howard Distinguished Professor of Philosophy State University of New York, Stony Brook Chris Howell Professor of Politics Oberlin College Aida A. Hozic Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Florida Mala Htun Assistant Professor of Political Science New School for Social Research George E. Hudson Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science and Director, Russian Area Studies Program Wittenberg University Michael C. Hudson Seif Ghobash Professor of Arab Studies, and Director, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies Georgetown University Michael G. Huelshoff Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of New Orleans Victoria Tin-bor Hui Visiting Fellow, Kellogg Institute Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Notre Dame Richard Hula Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science Michigan State University Ian Hurd Assistant Professor of Political Science Northwestern University Elizabeth Shakman Hurd Assistant Professor of International Relations Northwestern University Paul D. Hutchcroft Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Wisconsin, Madison G. John Ikenberry Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Department of Political Science Princeton University Cynthia Irvin Senior Social Scientist RTI International Patrick Thaddeus Jackson Assistant Professor of International Relations, School of International Service American University William D. Jackson Professor, Department of Political Science Miami University Amaney Jamal Assistant Professor of Politics Princeton University Laura D. Jenkins Associate Professor of Political Science University of Cincinnati Bruce W. Jentleson Director, Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy Chair, Department of Public Policy Studies Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke University Robert Jervis Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics Columbia University Juliet Johnson Associate Professor, Department of Political Science McGill University James Johnson Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Rochester Ian Johnstone Associate Professor of International Law, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Tufts University Christopher C. Joyner Professor, Department of Government and the School of Foreign Service; Director, Institute for International Law and Politics Georgetown University Peter Juviler Emeritus Professor of Political Science Barnard College, Columbia University Miles Kahler Rohr Professor of Pacific International Relations and Director, Institute for International, Comparative, and Area Studies (IICAS) University of California, San Diego Roger E. Kanet Political Science Professor, Department of International Studies University of Miami Terry Lynn Karl Professor of Political Science and Gildred Professor of Latin American Studies Stanford University Greg Kasza Professor, Department of Political Science Indiana University Andrew Z. Katz Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science Denison University Mary Fainsod Katzenstein Professor, Department of Government and Center for Advanced Studies Cornell University Peter J. Katzenstein Professor, Department of Government Cornell University Lawrence Katzenstein Senior Lecturer Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs University of Minnesota Robert R. Kaufman Professor, Department of Political Science Rutgers University Stuart J. Kaufman Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations University of Delaware Joyce P. Kaufman Professor of Political Science Whittier College Chaim D. Kaufmann Associate Professor, Department of International Relations Lehigh University Sean Kay Associate Professor of Politics and Government and Chair, International Studies Ohio Wesleyan University Christine A. Kearney Assistant Professor, Department of Politics and Adjunct Assistant Research Professor, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University. Saint Anselm College Margaret Keck Professor, Department of Political Science Johns Hopkins University Judith Kelley Assistant Professor of Public Policy and Political Science Duke University Michael D. Kennedy Professor of Sociology University of Michigan Charles D. Kenney Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Oklahoma Robert O. Keohane James B. Duke Professor of Political Science Duke University Elizabeth Kier Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Washington Dwight Y. King Professor and Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Political Science Northern Illinois University David Kinsella Associate Professor, Hatfield School of Government Portland State University Jonathan Kirshner Associate Professor, Department of Government Cornell University Alan Klæbel Research Fellow, Institute of Political Science University of Copenhagen Joseph Kling Chair, Government Department St. Lawrence University Audie Klotz Associate Professor of Political Science Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University Charles Knight Co-Director, Project on Defense Alternatives Commonwealth Institute Richard H. Kohn Professor, Department of History and Chair, Curriculum in Peace, War, and Defense University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Edward A. Kolodziej (Emeritus) Research Professor of Political Science University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Andrzej Korbonski Professor of Political Science Emeritus UCLA Melinda Kovacs Assistant Professor of Political Science Concordia College Paul A. Kowert Associate Professor, Department of International Relations Florida International University Ellis S. Krauss Professor, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies University of California, San Diego Ronald R. Krebs Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Minnesota Joel Krieger Norma Wilentz Hess Professor of Political Science Wellesley College Louis Kriesberg Maxwell Professor Emeritus of Social Conflict Studies Syracuse University Daniel Kryder Department of Politics Brandeis Jan Kubik Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Rutgers University Erik Martinez Kuhonta Visiting Research Fellow at the Asia Research Institute National Un iversity of Singapore. Charles A. Kupchan Professor of International Affairs, Georgetown University Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations Andrew Kydd Associate Professor, Department of Government Harvard University David Laitin Professor, Department of Political Science Stanford University David A. Lake Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, San Diego Steven L. Lamy Director and Professor, School of International Relations University of Southern California Richard Langhorne Director, Center for Global Change and Governance Rutgers University Vickie Langohr Assistant Professor of Political Science College of the Holy Cross Gail W. Lapidus Senior Fellow, Stanford Institute for International Studies and Professor Emerita of Political Science University of California, Berkeley J. Chappell H. Lawson Class of 1954 Career Development Professor, Department of Political Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fred H. Lawson Professor of Government Mills College Christopher Layne Contributing Editor The American Conservative Anna Leander Associate Professor, Dept. of Political Science and Public Administration University of Southern Denmark James H. Lebovic Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs The George Washington University Richard Ned Lebow James O. Freedman Presidential Professor of Government Dartmouth College Angela D. Ledford Assistant Professor of Political Science and Women's Studies Coordinator, Department of History and Political Science The College of Saint Rose Jeffrey W. Legro Associate Professor, Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics University of Virginia Robert Legvold Professor of Political Science Columbia University David Leheny Assistant Professor Department of Political Science University of Wisconsin-Madison Daniel S. Lev Emeritus Professor of Political Science University of Washington Margaret Levi Jere L. Bacharach Professor of International Studies Department of Political Science, Director, CHAOS (Comparative Historical Analysis of Organizations and States) University of Washington, Seattle Jack S. Levy Board of Governors' Professor, Department of Political Science Rutgers University Peter M. Lewis Associate Professor, School of International Service American University Peter Liberman Associate Professor of Political Science Queens College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York Roy Licklider Professor, Department of Political Science Rutgers University R. William Liddle Professor of Political Science The Ohio State University Arend Lijphart Research Professor Emeritus of Political Science University of California, San Diego Dan Lindley Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Fellow, Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies University of Notre Dame Ronnie D. Lipschutz Professor of Politics Stevenson College, University of California, Santa Cruz Michael Lipson Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Concordia University Sarah K. Lischer Assistant Professor, Department of Government Sweet Briar College Karen Litfin Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Washington Pierre P. Lizee Associate Professor Department of Political Science Brock University Carolyn Logan Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Associate Director (MSU), Afrobarometer Michigan State University Michael Loriaux Associate Professor of Political Science Northwestern University. Marie Olson Lounsbery Assistant Professor, Department of Conflict Analysis and Resolution Nova Southeastern University Paul M. Lubeck Professor and Director, Center for Global, International and Regional Studies University of California, Santa Cruz Pauline Jones Luong Associate Professor Department of Political Science Brown University Ian S. Lustick Bess W. Heyman Professor, Department of Political Science University of Pennsylvania Ellen Lust-Okar Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Yale Center for International and Area Studies Yale University Catherine Lutz Watson Institute for International Studie Brown University Marc Lynch Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Williams College John A. Lynn Professor of History University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Patricia L. Maclachlan Associate Professor of Asian Studies and Government University of Texas at Austin Malgosia Madajewicz Assistant Professor of Economics and International Affairs Columbia University Bruce Magnusson Assistant Professor, Department of Politics Whitman College Vincent A. Mahler Professor Department of Political Science Loyola University Chicago Scott Mainwaring Director, Kellogg Institute for International Studies University of Notre Dame Stephen J. Majeski Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science University of Washington Peter P. Mandaville Director, Center for Global Studies George Mason University Kristina Mani Assistant Professor, Politics Department Oberlin College Bruce Mannheim Professor of Anthropology University of Michigan Richard W. Mansbach Professor, Department of Political Science Iowa State University Michael Margolis Professor, Department of Political Science University of Cincinnati Andrei S. Markovits Karl W. Deutsch Collegiate Professor of Comparative Politics and German Studies University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Irving Leonard Markovitz Professor of Political Science, Queens College Professor, The Graduate Center, City University of New York Renee E. Marlin-Bennett Associate Professor, School of International Service and Director, Division of International Politics and Foreign Policy American University Kimberly Marten Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Barnard College, Columbia University Lisa L. Martin Clarence Dillon Professor of International Affairs, Department of Government Harvard University Susan B. Martin Lecturer, Department of War Studies King's College London Felix E. Martin Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations Florida International University Philip Mauceri Director, Center for International Peace and Security Studies University of Northern Iowa Patricia A Maulden Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution George Mason University Barrett L. McCormick Professor, Political Science Department Marquette University Rose McDermott Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, Santa Barbara Siobhan McEvoy-Levy Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Butler University Eric M. McGlinchey Assistant Professor, Political Science Department Iowa State University Dean E. McHenry, Jr. Professor, Department of Politics and Policy Claremont Graduate University Margaret A. McKean Associate Professor, Political Science Duke University Timothy J. McKeown Professor, Department of Political Science University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Patrice C. McMahon Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Nebraska, Lincoln Kathleen R. McNamara Associate Professor of Government & Foreign Service Department of Government Georgetown University John J. Mearsheimer Professor, Political Science Department University of Chicago John Mehrtens Assistant Professor Department of Political Science University of Nevada - Las Vegas Sarah E. Mendelson Senior Fellow Center for Strategic and International Studies Rajan Menon Monroe J. Rathbone Professor of International Relations and Fellow, New America Foundation Lehigh University Jon Mercer Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Washington, Seattle Julie A. Mertus Associate Professor, School of International Service American University Sophie Meunier Research Associate in Public and International Affairs Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University William H. Meyer Professor, Department of Political Science University of Delaware Elliott L. Meyrowitz Adjunct Professor of Law, Michigan State University College of Law Adjunct Professor of History, Wayne State University Paul Midford School of Policy Studies Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan Manus I. Midlarsky Moses and Annuta Back Professor of International Peace and Conflict Resolution Rutgers University, New Brunswick Mark J. Miller Emma Smith Morris Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations University of Delaware Kurt Mills Lecturer in International Human Rights, Department of Politics University of Glasgow Helen V. Milner B. C. Forbes Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Department of Politics Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University Karen Mingst Lockwood Chair Professor of International Political Economy, Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce University of Kentucky Ronald Mitchell Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Oregon James H. Mittelman Professor, School of International Service American University Jennifer Mitzen Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Ohio State University Mike Mochizuki Director and Holder of the Japan-U.S. Relations Chair, Sigur Center for Asian Studies, Elliott School of International Affairs George Washington University Jose Ramon Montero Catedratico de Ciencia Politica y Director, Departamento de Ciencia Politica y Relaciones Internacionales, Facultad de Derecho Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain J. Donald Moon John E. Andrus Professor of Government Wesleyan University Rebecca R. Moore Associate Professor of Political Science and Director, Global Studies Program Concordia College Pete W. Moore Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Miami Kimberly J. Morgan Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs George Washington University Trevor G. N. Morris Professor of International Studies and Dean of the School of Public Affairs Methodist College Layna Mosley Assistant Professor, Dept of Political Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Michael Mousseau Associate Professor of International Relations Koc University John Mueller Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies Ohio State University Craig N. Murphy M. Margaret Ball Professor of International Relations Wellesley College Shoon Murray Associate Professor, School of International Service American University Laura Neack Rejai Professor, Department of Political Science Miami University Clark Neher Emeritus Professor, Department of Political Science and Emeritus Director, Center for Southeast Asian Studies Northern Illinois University Daniel N. Nelson Dean, College of Arts and Sciences University of New Haven Matthew J. Nelson Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Bates College Immanuel Ness Associate Professor of Political Science, Brooklyn College City University of New York Iver B. Neumann Research Professor Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Catharine Newbury Professor of Government and Five College Professor of African Studies Smith College Randall Newnham Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Penn State, Berks-Lehigh Valley Daniel H. Nexon Assistant Professor, Department of Government and School of Foreign Service Georgetown University Philip Nord Professor of History Princeton University Sean Norris Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Govt. and Politics St. John's University, New York Andrew Norris Assistant Professor of Political Science University of Pennsylvania James O'Connell Professor Emeritus of Peace Studies University of Bradford Barry O'Neill Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, Los Angeles John S. Odell Professor, School of International Relations University of Southern California Joel E. Oestreich Assistant Professor of Political Science Drexel University Nicholas Onuf Professor, Department of International Relations Florida International University Ido Oren Associate Professor and Associate Chair, Department of Political Science University of Florida David Ost Professor of Political Science Hobart & William Smith Colleges Taylor Owen Post Graduate Fellow in Genocide Studies Yale University Robert Paarlberg Professor of Political Science Wellesley College John F. Padgett Associate Professor of Political Science and Research Professor, Santa Fe Institute University of Chicago Glenn Palmer Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Pennsylvania State University Robert A. Pape Associate Professor, Political Science Department University of Chicago Scott Parrish Visiting Associate Professor of International Policy Studies and Senior Research Associate, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies Editor, Nonproliferation Review Robert A. Pastor Professor of International Relations and Vice President of International Affairs American University Louis W. Pauly Director, Centre for International Studies University of Toronto Leigh Payne Professor, Department of Political Science University of Wisconsin, Madison Rodger A. Payne Professor, Department of Political Science University of Louisville Mark Peceny Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of New Mexico Scott Pegg Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Yoav Peled Associate Professor Department of Political Science Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel T.J. Pempel Director, Institute of East Asian Studies University of California, Berkeley Susan E. Penksa Associate Professor, Department of Political Science Westmont College Peter C. Perdue T.T. and Wei Fong Chao Professor of Asian Civilizations and Professor of History Massachusetts Institute of Technology Elizabeth J. Perry Henry Rosovsky Professor of Government Harvard University Randolph B. Persaud Associate Professor of International Relations American University Roger Petersen Associate Professor, Political Science Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology V. Spike Peterson Professor, Department of Political Science University of Arizona M. J. Peterson Professor of Political Science University of Massachusetts Amherst Susan Peterson Professor of Government, College of William and Mary Executive Editor, Security Studies Jon Pevehouse Associate Professor, Department of Political Science University of Wisconsin, Madison Daniel Philpott Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and Faculty Fellow, Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies University of Notre Dame John T. Picarelli Research Lecturer, School of International Service and Project Director, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center American University Daniel A. Pinkston Senior Research Associate, Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies David Pion-Berlin Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, Riverside Brian M. Pollins Associate Professor of Political Science The Ohio State University Jonas Pontusson Professor of Government Cornell University Barry R. Posen Ford International Professor of Political Science, Security Studies Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Marsha Pripstein Posusney Professor of Political Science Bryant University William C. Potter Institute Professor and Director, Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies Robert Powell Robson Professor of Political Science UC Berkeley Jeremy Pressman Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science University of Connecticut Elisabeth Prugl Associate Professor and Graduate Director, Department of International Relations Florida International University Robert D. Putnam Department of Government Harvard University James Putzel Director Crisis States Research Centre London School of Economics and Political Science David C. Rapoport Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of California. Los Angeles Editor, Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence Karen Rasler Professor, Department of Political Science Indiana University Gregory A. Raymond Frank Church Professor of International Relations Boise State University Laura Reed Research Fellow, Belfer Center for Security and International Affairs Harvard University Simon Reich Professor and Director, Ford Institute for Human Security University of Pittsburgh Kim D. Reimann Assistant Professor, Political Science Department Georgia State University Dan Reiter Professor of Political Science Emory University Darius Rejali Professor of Political Science Reed College Thomas F. Remington Professor and Chair Department of Political Science Emory University Chris Reus-Smit Professor and Head of Department, Department of International Relations Australian National University Sybil Rhodes Assistant Professor of Political Science Western Michigan University Edward Rhodes Dean, Social and Behavioral Sciences, and Associate Professor, Political Science Rutgers University Neil R. Richardson Professor of Political Science University of Wisconsin, Madison James Richter Professor of Political Science Bates College Cynthia Roberts Associate Professor of Political Science Hunter College, City University of New York Kenneth M. Roberts Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science University of New Mexico William I. Robinson Associate Professor Department of Sociology Global and International Studies Latin American and Iberian Studies University of California, Santa Barbara Bert A. Rockman Professor and Director, School of Public Policy and Managemen The Ohio State University Peter Rogers Assistant Professor, Environmental Studies Bates College Ronald Rogowski Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, Los Angeles William Rose Professor, Department of Government Connecticut College Marc Rosenblum Assistant Professor of Political Science University of New Orleans Peter Rosendorff Director, Center for International Studies Associate Professor, International Relations and Economics University of Southern California Stephen J. Rosow Professor of Political Science and Global Studies State University of New York, Oswego Donald Rothchild Professor, Department of Political Science University of California, Davis Barnett R. Rubin Director of Studies and Senior Fellow, Center on International Cooperation New York University Susanne Hoeber Rudolph Professor of Political Science Emerita University of Chicago Chris Rudolph Visiting Assistant Professor, BMW Center for German & European Studies, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service Georgetown University Lloyd Rudolph Professor Department of Political Science University of Chicago Mark Rupert Professor of Political Science Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University Frank Louis Rusciano Professor of Political Science and Global and Multinational Studies Rider University Roberta Fiske Rusciano Associate Professor of Political Science Rider University Bruce Russett Dean Acheson Professor of International Relations Yale University Peter Rutland Professor, Government Department Wesleyan University Karl W. Ryavec Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Political Science University of Massachusetts, Amherst Tal Sadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Tel Aviv University Scott D. Sagan Professor of Political Science Stanford University Abdul Aziz Said Professor of International Relations School of International Service, American University Stephen M. Saideman Canada Research Chair in International Security and Ethnic Conflict and Associate Professor of Political Science McGill University Nicholas Sambanis Assistant Professor of Political Science Yale University Richard J. Samuels Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director, Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology Eve Sandberg Associate Professor, Politics Department Oberlin College Meredith Reid Sarkees Senior Fellow, Center for Women's InterCultural Leadership Saint Mary's College Saskia Sassen Ralph Lewis Professor of Sociology University of Chicago Wolf Schaefer Professor and Director of the Center for Global History, Department of History Stony Brook University Frederic C. Schaffer Research Associate, Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology Michael G. Schatzberg Professor, Department of Political Science University of Wisconsin, Madison Vivien A. Schmidt Jean Monne |